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In Cancer Awareness, Health Screenings

What to Know About PSA Levels and Why You Should Care

Thinking about scheduling your prostate cancer screening? One way to test for prostate cancer is a prostate-specific antigen level test, also called a PSA blood test.

Here’s common questions surrounding PSA levels and our answers.

Q:

What is an elevated PSA level, and what does it indicate?

A:

An elevated PSA level refers to an increase in the amount of PSA protein present in a man’s blood. PSA is a protein produced by the prostate gland, and its primary function is to liquefy semen.

Q:

What are the potential causes of elevated PSA levels?

A:

Elevated PSA levels can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH): BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, which can elevate PSA levels due to increased overall prostate tissue.

2. Prostatitis: Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland, leading to a temporary rise in PSA levels. It is not necessarily indicative of prostate cancer.

3. Prostate Cancer: Elevated PSA levels can sometimes be an early sign of prostate cancer. However, a high PSA level does not confirm cancer, as other non-cancerous conditions can also elevate PSA.

4. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Infections in the urinary tract or prostate can cause temporary elevations in PSA levels.

5. Prostate Procedures: Certain medical procedures, such as a prostate biopsy or surgery, can cause temporary increases in PSA levels.

Q:

What is the significance of an elevated PSA level regarding prostate cancer?

A:

While an elevated PSA level can be an indicator of prostate cancer, it is not a definitive diagnosis. Many men with elevated PSA levels do not have prostate cancer, and some men with prostate cancer may have normal PSA levels. Therefore, an elevated PSA level requires further investigation to determine the cause. Additional tests, such as a digital rectal exam (DRE) and imaging studies, may be conducted to assess the prostate’s condition and detect any abnormalities.

Q:

At what age should men consider getting their PSA levels checked?

A:

The age at which men should consider getting their PSA levels checked varies based on individual risk factors and guidelines from healthcare organizations. Generally, discussions about prostate cancer screening, including PSA testing, should begin at:

Age 50: For men at average risk of prostate cancer.

Age 45: For men at higher risk, such as African Americans or those with a family history of prostate cancer.

Age 40: For men with a strong family history of prostate cancer (multiple family members diagnosed at a young age).

These are the recommended ages and some factors. Ultimately, the decision to get screened should be made after a thorough discussion with a healthcare provider, taking into account an individual’s medical history, family history, and overall health.

Q:

Can lifestyle factors affect PSA levels?

A:

Yes, certain lifestyle factors can influence PSA levels. Factors such as vigorous exercise, ejaculation, and certain medications (e.g., finasteride) may temporarily elevate PSA levels. It is essential to inform the healthcare provider about any recent lifestyle changes or medication use before undergoing a PSA test to ensure accurate interpretation of the results. However, lifestyle factors do not have a significant impact on PSA levels in the context of diagnosing prostate cancer or other prostate-related conditions.

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In Cancer Awareness, Health Screenings, Healthy Lifestyle

Questions About Skin Cancer? We Have the Answers

Q:

What is skin cancer?

A:

Skin cancer is a condition characterized by the abnormal growth of skin cells, often caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. There are different types of skin cancer, including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

Q:

How can I protect myself from skin cancer?

A:

Protecting yourself from skin cancer involves adopting various preventive measures, including:

Limit Sun Exposure: Avoid spending extended periods in direct sunlight, especially during peak UV hours (10 am to 4 pm).
Wear Protective Clothing: Use wide-brimmed hats, long-sleeved shirts, and long pants to cover exposed skin.
Apply Sunscreen: Use broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30 on all exposed skin, and reapply every two hours or after swimming or sweating.
Seek Shade: Stay in the shade whenever possible, especially during peak UV hours.
Avoid Tanning Beds: Artificial sources of UV radiation can also increase the risk of skin cancer.
Protective Eyewear: Wear sunglasses that block UVA and UVB rays to protect your eyes and the skin around them.
Examine Your Skin: Regularly check your skin for any unusual moles or changes and report them to a healthcare professional.

Q:

Who is at risk of developing skin cancer?

A:

While anyone can develop skin cancer, certain factors increase the risk, such as:

UV Exposure: Excessive exposure to UV radiation from the sun or artificial sources.
Fair Skin: People with fair skin, light hair, and light eyes are at higher risk due to less melanin, which provides natural protection from UV radiation.
Family History: A family history of skin cancer can increase the likelihood of developing it.
Moles: Having numerous or atypical moles can increase the risk.
Weakened Immune System: Individuals with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to skin cancer.
Previous Skin Cancer: A history of skin cancer increases the risk of developing new skin cancers.

Q:

Is it important to wear sunscreen on cloudy days?

A:

Yes, it is essential to wear sunscreen on cloudy days as well. Clouds do not block UV rays entirely, and UV radiation can penetrate through cloud cover, leading to skin damage and an increased risk of skin cancer. Always apply sunscreen regardless of the weather conditions.

Q:

Can I still get enough vitamin D while protecting myself from the sun?

A:

Yes, it is possible to get enough vitamin D without risking excessive sun exposure. While sunlight is a natural source of vitamin D, you can obtain it through other means like vitamin D-rich foods, supplements, or fortified products. Consult with your healthcare provider to determine the right approach for meeting your vitamin D needs safely.

Q:

How often should I perform skin self-examinations?

A:

Regular self-examinations of your skin are crucial for early detection. Aim to conduct a thorough skin check once a month. Pay attention to changes in moles, new growths, or any unusual skin developments. If you notice anything suspicious, promptly schedule an appointment with a dermatologist.

Q:

Are there any specific precautions for children?

A:

Yes, children are more susceptible to sunburn and long-term sun damage. Protect them by using sunscreen with a minimum SPF of 30, dressing them in protective clothing, and encouraging them to seek shade during peak UV hours. Keep babies under six months old out of direct sunlight and dress them in lightweight clothing that covers their arms and legs. Always consult a pediatrician before using sunscreen on infants.

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In Cancer Awareness

May is Skin Cancer Awareness Month: Learn About Melanoma Skin Cancer

Melanoma skin cancer is a type of cancer that affects the melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment in the skin. It is the deadliest form of skin cancer, but it is also one of the most preventable and treatable if detected early.

Causes of Melanoma Skin Cancer

The primary cause of melanoma skin cancer is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. People with fair skin, light-colored eyes, and a history of sunburns or excessive sun exposure are at a higher risk of developing melanoma. Other factors that can increase the risk of melanoma include having a family history of the disease, having many moles or atypical moles, and a weakened immune system.

Symptoms of Melanoma Skin Cancer

Melanoma can appear as a new mole or an existing mole that changes in size, shape, or color. It may also have an irregular or asymmetrical shape, ragged edges, and multiple colors or shades. In some cases, it may also bleed or become itchy. Melanoma can occur anywhere on the body, but it is most commonly found on the back, legs, arms, and face.

Prevention of Melanoma Skin Cancer

The best way to prevent melanoma skin cancer is to protect your skin from UV radiation. This can be done by wearing protective clothing, using sunscreen with a high SPF, seeking shade during peak hours of sun exposure, and avoiding tanning beds. It is also important to regularly examine your skin for any new or changing moles and to see a dermatologist if you notice any suspicious changes.

Treatment of Melanoma Skin Cancer

If melanoma is detected early, it can often be treated with surgery to remove the affected area. In more advanced cases, additional treatments such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy may be necessary. The prognosis for melanoma depends on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient.

Melanoma skin cancer is a serious disease, but it can be prevented and treated if detected early. By protecting your skin from UV radiation and regularly examining your skin for any changes, you can reduce your risk of developing melanoma. If you notice any suspicious moles or changes in your skin, it is important to see a dermatologist or doctor for evaluation and treatment.

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In Cancer Awareness, Healthy Lifestyle

May is Women’s Health Week

Cancer is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide, and while there are many factors that contribute to cancer, there are also many preventative measures that women can take to reduce their risk. This Women’s Health Week, we will explore some of the best practices women can follow to lessen their chance of developing cancer.

Maintain a Healthy Diet

One of the best things you can do for your health is to maintain a healthy and balanced diet. Eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help provide the nutrients and antioxidants your body needs to fight cancer. Additionally, reducing your consumption of processed foods, red meat, and sugary drinks can help lower your cancer risk.

Exercise Regularly

Exercise is not only beneficial for maintaining a healthy weight, but it can also help reduce the risk of cancer. Regular exercise has been linked to a lower risk of breast, colon, and endometrial cancers. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, such as brisk walking, cycling, or swimming.

Limit Alcohol Consumption

Excessive alcohol consumption has been linked to an increased risk of several cancers, including breast, liver, and colorectal cancers. It is recommended that women limit their alcohol consumption to one drink per day or less.

Quit Smoking

Smoking is a leading cause of cancer, including lung, throat, and bladder cancers. Quitting smoking is one of the most effective ways to reduce your cancer risk, and there are many resources available to help you quit, such as nicotine replacement therapy and support groups.

Practice Safe Sun Exposure

Excessive sun exposure can increase the risk of skin cancer, including melanoma, which is the deadliest form of skin cancer. To reduce your risk, avoid tanning beds, wear protective clothing, and use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher.

Get Regular Screenings

Regular cancer screenings can help detect cancer early when it is most treatable. Talk to your healthcare provider about the recommended cancer screenings for your age and risk factors. Examples of screening tests include mammograms for breast cancer, Pap tests for cervical cancer, and colonoscopies for colon cancer.

Reduce Stress

Chronic stress can weaken the immune system and increase inflammation in the body, both of which can contribute to cancer. Practicing stress-reducing activities such as yoga, meditation, or mindfulness can help reduce stress and promote overall health.

Start now! Make plans to incorporate these practices into your daily life. You can take control of your health and reduce your risk of cancer.

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In Cancer Awareness, Health Screenings

Should You Get Screened for Head and Neck Cancer?

Head and neck cancer is a term used to describe a variety of cancers that occur in the head and neck region. This includes the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, salivary glands, nasal cavity, and sinuses. The most common type of head and neck cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for more than 90% of cases. This blog will guide you through the symptoms of head and neck cancer, the diagnostic process and treatment options.

Causes of Head and Neck Cancer:

The exact cause of head and neck cancer is unknown, but there are several risk factors that increase the chances of developing this type of cancer. The most significant risk factors include:

Tobacco and Alcohol Use: Tobacco and alcohol use are the leading causes of head and neck cancer. Smoking and drinking together increase the risk of developing this type of cancer more than either habit alone.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV): HPV is a sexually transmitted virus that can cause certain types of head and neck cancer, including oropharyngeal cancer.
Age: The risk of developing head and neck cancer increases as you get older.
Gender: Men are two to three times more likely to develop head and neck cancer than women.
Poor Nutrition: A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of head and neck cancer.

Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer:

The symptoms of head and neck cancer depend on the location of the cancer. Common symptoms include:

  • A lump or sore that does not heal
  • Persistent pain or discomfort in the mouth, throat, or ear
  • Difficulty swallowing or chewing
  • Persistent cough or sore throat
  • Swelling in the neck
  • Ear pain
  • Numbness or weakness in the face

Diagnosis of Head and Neck Cancer:

If you have symptoms of head and neck cancer, your doctor will perform a physical exam and may recommend further tests. These may include:

Biopsy:

A small piece of tissue is removed from the affected area and examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells.

Imaging tests:

These may include X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans, which can help to determine the size and location of the cancer.

Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer:

The treatment of head and neck cancer depends on the location and stage of the cancer. Treatment options may include:

Surgery:

The cancerous tissue is removed surgically, along with any affected lymph nodes or other tissue.

Radiation Therapy:

High-energy radiation is used to kill cancer cells.

Chemotherapy:

Drugs are used to kill cancer cells.

Targeted Therapy:

Drugs are used to target specific cancer cells.

Prevention of Head and Neck Cancer:

The best way to prevent head and neck cancer is to avoid the risk factors associated with this type of cancer. This includes:

  • Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption
  • Eating a healthy diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables
  • Protecting yourself from HPV by practicing safe sex and getting vaccinated

In conclusion, head and neck cancer is a serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. If you have symptoms of head and neck cancer, it is important to see your doctor right away. By taking steps to reduce your risk of developing this type of cancer, you can help to protect your health and well-being.

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In Cancer Awareness, Health Screenings

January is Cervical Cancer Awareness Month

Gynecological cancer is any form of cancer that takes place in the female reproductive system. The most common is cervical cancer. Cervical cancer begins in the cells lining the cervix, which connects the uterus to the vagina.

There are two types of cervical cancer, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomas. Squamous cell carcinomas are the most common, with the American Cancer Society reporting 90% of cervical cancer diagnosis. These typically begin in the transformation zone, which is located where the exocervix joins the endocervix.

Types of Cervical Cancer Screenings

There are two tests to detect cervical cancer early. The HPV test and the Pap test. Both tests can be done in a doctor’s office or clinic.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) test looks for the virus that can cause cell changes on the cervix.

The Pap test (or Pap smear) looks for precancers, which are cell changes on the cervix that might become cervical cancer if they are not treated appropriately.

How often should you get screened for cervical cancer?

Its recommended women begin Pap tests at the age of 21. Depending on the results, you may be able to wait three years until your next Pap test. According to the CDC, there are three recommendations for women 30 to 65 years old. Be sure to ask your doctor which testing option is right for you.

An HPV test only. If your result is normal, your doctor may tell you that you can wait five years until your next screening test.

An HPV test along with the Pap test. If both of your results are normal, your doctor may tell you that you can wait five years until your next screening test.

A Pap test only. If your result is normal, your doctor may tell you that you can wait three years until your next Pap test.

Women older than 65 may no longer need to have normal screening test results the age of 65, your doctor may tell you that you don’t need to be screened anymore if you have had normal screening test results for several years and you have not had a cervical precancer in the past, or you have had your cervix removed as part of a total hysterectomy for non-cancerous conditions, like fibroids.

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In Cancer Awareness, Health Screenings

Things to Consider When Planning Your Prostate Cancer Screening

The benefit of regular screening is to catch cancer before symptoms occur. When caught in its earlier stages, prostate cancer is more treatable.

This might make it seem like prostate screening is always a good thing, but there are some issues surrounding screening that make it unclear if the benefits outweigh the risks for most men.

To ensure screening is right for you, look at the risk factors to see if they apply to you and talk with your healthcare provider. The American Cancer Society recommends men make an informed decision with their health care provider on whether to be screened for prostate cancer and when is a good time to start screening.

Consider these ages and factors when determining the best time to start discussion about screening:

  • Age 50 for men who are at average risk of prostate cancer and are expected to live at least 10 more years
  • Age 45 for men at high risk of developing prostate cancer. This includes African Americans and men who have a first-degree relative (father or brother) diagnosed with prostate cancer at an early age (younger than age 65).
  • Age 40 for men at even higher risk (those with more than one first-degree relative who had prostate cancer at an early age).

Learn more about the types of prostate cancer screenings by clicking HERE.

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In Cancer Awareness

Liver Cancer Awareness Month: What Are the Risk Factors?

October is Liver Cancer Awareness Month. Understanding the function of your liver and how to keep it healthy can help prevent cancer.

The liver has many important functions. It breaks down, stores, and helps transfer nutrients your body needs. The liver also breaks down alcohol, drugs, and toxic wastes in the blood, which then pass from the body through urine and stool.

Taking care of your liver is important to avoid harmful diseases, like cancer, that can form in the liver’s cells. The liver is mainly composed of cells called hepatocytes. There are other cells that line blood vessels and the small tubes in the liver called bile ducts. In these cells is where cancerous tumors form.

Liver cancer can be prevented by reducing exposure to the known risk factors. Here are some ways to prevent liver cancer recommended by the American Cancer Society.

Avoid and Treat Hepatitis B and C Infections

Worldwide, the most significant risk factor for liver cancer is chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). These viruses can spread from person to person through sharing contaminated needles (such as in drug use) through unprotected sex, and through childbirth, so some liver cancers may be avoided by not sharing needles and by using safer sex practices (such as always using condoms).

Limit Alcohol and Tobacco Use

Drinking alcohol can lead to cirrhosis, which in turn, can lead to liver cancer. Not drinking alcohol or drinking in moderation could help prevent liver cancer.

Since smoking also increases the risk of liver cancer, not smoking will also prevent some of these cancers. If you smoke, quitting will help lower your risk of this cancer, as well as many other cancers and life-threatening diseases.

Maintain a Healthy Weight

Avoiding obesity might be another way to help protect against liver cancer. People who are obese are more likely to have fatty liver disease and diabetes, both of which have been linked to liver cancer.

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In Breast Imaging, Cancer Awareness, Health Screenings

October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month: Do You Have A Screening Routine?

October is Breast Cancer Awareness month. One in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime according to the National Breast Cancer Foundation. This month is a good time to encourage routine care and testing to detect early breast cancer.

Breast cancer forms in the cells of the breast. Although mostly found among women, there are some cases where it appears in men.

Symptoms of breast cancer include:

  • A lump in the breast
  • Change in size, shape and appearance of the breast
  • Dimpling or changes to the skin over the breast
  • Peeling or flaking of the skin surrounding the nipple (the areola)
  • Redness or pitting of the skin over the breast

If you find a lump or other change in your breast — even if a recent mammogram was normal — don’t wait, make an appointment with your doctor.

The American Cancer Society recommends these tips about breast cancer screenings.

How often should I get a mammogram?

Women between the ages 50-74 years old are at average risk for breast cancer and can get a mammogram every two years.

It’s recommended women who are 40-49 years old should talk with their healthcare provider to discuss when they should start routine screenings and how often.

What are the different types of breast cancer screenings?

Mammogram

A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast. For many women, mammograms are the best way to find breast cancer early, when it is easier to treat and before it is big enough to feel or cause symptoms. Having regular mammograms can lower the risk of dying from breast cancer. At this time, a mammogram is the best way to find breast cancer for most women of screening age.

Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A breast MRI uses magnets and radio waves to take pictures of the breast. Breast MRI is used along with mammograms to screen women who are at high risk for getting breast cancer. Because breast MRIs may appear abnormal even when there is no cancer, they are not used for women at average risk.

Other Exams

A clinical breast exam is an examination by a doctor or nurse, who uses his or her hands to feel for lumps or other changes.

Breast Self-Awareness

Being familiar with how your breasts look and feel can help you notice symptoms such as lumps, pain, or changes in size that may be of concern. These could include changes found during a breast self-exam. You should report any changes that you notice to your doctor or health care provider.

Having a clinical breast exam or doing a breast self-exam has not been found to lower the risk of dying from breast cancer.

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In Cancer Awareness

September is Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month

Gynecological cancers encompass all cancers in the female reproductive system. All women are at risk of developing these cancers, which increase with age and can vary depending on the cancer type.

According to the Foundation of Women’s Cancer, ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer type among women worldwide.

Ovarian cancer is composed of three major categories: epithelial ovarian cancer, germ cell cancer, and stromal cell cancer.

Understanding the 3 Categories of Ovarian Cancer

Epithelial Ovarian Cancers

Epithelial ovarian cancers are the most common of ovarian cancers, accounting for 85% to 89%. They rank fourth in cancer deaths among women in the U.S. and cause more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system.

Epithelial ovarian cancers form in the surface cells of the ovary, or from the fallopian tube surface cells. They can be a part of a hereditary syndrome such as those with BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 gene mutations. Fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers are also epithelial cancers and have some of the same behaviors, risks and treatment approaches.

Germ Cell Cancers

Germ cell cancers account for nearly 5% of ovarian cancers, making it one of the less common forms of ovarian cancer than epithelial cancer.

Germ cell cancers start in the cells that develop into follicles or eggs in the ovaries. Typically, this cancer appears in adolescents and young women and often affects only one ovary.

Stromal Cell Cancers

Stromal cell cancers are another rare ovarian cancer. They start in the cells that produce female hormones and hold the ovarian tissues together. Similarly, there are several types of stromal cell cancers and presentation and treatment can vary.

Symptoms of ovarian cancer can include:

These symptoms include:
• Bloating
• Pelvic or abdominal pain
• Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly
• Urinary symptoms (urgency or frequency)

While these may be common symptoms many women
without cancer may have occasionally, patients with ovarian
cancer report that symptoms are persistent and often
progressive, and represent a change from normal for
their bodies.

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